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GLP-1 Analog Peptides

Semaglutide, liraglutide, and related incretin-based peptides approved for glycemic control and chronic weight management.

GLP-1 Receptor Agonists (8)

Cagrilintide
glp 1-analog

Cagrilintide

Novo Nordisk

A long-acting amylin analog in development by Novo Nordisk, studied in combination with semaglutide (CagriSema) for obesity — achieving up to 24% weight loss in trials.

GIP (Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide)
glp 1-analog

GIP (Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide)

Endogenous

A 42-amino-acid incretin hormone secreted by K-cells in the duodenum and jejunum that potentiates glucose-dependent insulin secretion and plays a central role in the mechanism of tirzepatide and retatrutide.

Liraglutide
glp 1-analog

Liraglutide

Saxenda / Victoza

The first GLP-1 receptor agonist approved for chronic weight management (Saxenda, 2014) — an acylated human GLP-1 analog with ~13-hour half-life dosed once daily.

0.6–3 mg daily (escalating)FDA-approved (Victoza, Saxenda)
Nesfatin-1
glp 1-analog

Nesfatin-1

Research-Grade

An 82-amino-acid anorexigenic peptide derived from nucleobindin-2 (NUCB2) that suppresses appetite through hypothalamic signaling and crosses the blood-brain barrier, studied for potential anti-obesity applications.

Orforglipron
glp 1-analog

Orforglipron

Eli Lilly

An oral, non-peptide GLP-1 receptor agonist in phase 3 development by Eli Lilly, representing a potential paradigm shift from injectable to oral incretin-based therapies for obesity and type 2 diabetes.

Pemvidutide
glp 1-analog

Pemvidutide

Altimmune (investigational)

A dual GLP-1/glucagon receptor agonist developed by Altimmune for MASH and obesity, designed to leverage glucagon-driven hepatic fat reduction alongside GLP-1-mediated appetite suppression.

Phase 2b/3 investigational (no approvals as of 2026)
Semaglutide
glp 1-analog

Semaglutide

Ozempic / Wegovy / Rybelsus

Long-acting GLP-1 receptor agonist — FDA-approved for type-2 diabetes and chronic weight management, landmark for its ~15% mean weight reduction in STEP trials.

Ozempic: 0.25–2 mg weekly; Wegovy: up to 2.4 mg weeklyFDA-approved (Ozempic, Wegovy, Rybelsus)
Survodutide
glp 1-analog

Survodutide

Boehringer Ingelheim (investigational)

A dual GLP-1/glucagon receptor agonist in phase 3 development by Boehringer Ingelheim for MASH (metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis) and obesity, with strong liver-directed efficacy signals.

Phase 3 investigational (no approvals as of 2026)

Frequently Asked Questions

What is a GLP-1 receptor agonist?
GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide-1) receptor agonists are peptide drugs that mimic the incretin hormone GLP-1. They bind GLP-1 receptors in the pancreas (insulin secretion), brain (appetite suppression), and gut (slowed gastric emptying). Semaglutide and liraglutide are the most widely prescribed; tirzepatide adds GIP receptor agonism.
How do GLP-1 agonists cause weight loss?
Primarily through central appetite suppression — GLP-1 receptors in the hypothalamus reduce hunger and increase satiety. Delayed gastric emptying contributes to feeling full longer. The net effect is a sustained reduction in caloric intake of 20–30%, which drives the 15–22% body weight reductions seen in trials.
Are GLP-1 agonists safe long-term?
Semaglutide has the SELECT cardiovascular outcomes trial showing a 20% reduction in major adverse cardiovascular events — the strongest safety signal for any obesity drug. Liraglutide's LEADER trial showed a 13% CV risk reduction. Post-market surveillance continues to accumulate safety data. GI side effects (nausea, constipation) are common but generally manageable.
What is the difference between semaglutide, tirzepatide, and retatrutide?
Semaglutide: GLP-1 monoagonist, ~15–17% weight loss, FDA-approved. Tirzepatide: GLP-1/GIP dual agonist, ~20–22% weight loss, FDA-approved. Retatrutide: GLP-1/GIP/glucagon triple agonist, ~24% weight loss in Phase 2, not yet approved. Each generation adds receptor targets and incremental efficacy.
Do GLP-1 agonists require a prescription?
All FDA-approved GLP-1 agonists (Wegovy, Ozempic, Mounjaro, Zepbound, Saxenda, Victoza) require a prescription. Compounded versions may be available through telehealth providers when brand-name products are on FDA shortage lists.

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