Peptide Catalog

A small-molecule NNMT inhibitor (technically not a peptide) grouped with peptides in fat-loss contexts, investigated in preclinical obesity and muscle-aging models.

Abaloparatide (trade name Tymlos) is a 34-amino acid synthetic peptide analog of human parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) approved by the FDA in 2017 for the treatment of postmenopausal women with osteoporosis at high risk for fracture. It selectively activates the PTH1 receptor in its RG (G-protein-dependent) conformation, promoting robust anabolic bone formation with comparatively less bone resorption and hypercalcemia than teriparatide (PTH 1–34). In the pivotal ACTIVE trial, abaloparatide demonstrated significant reductions in vertebral and nonvertebral fractures, establishing it as a potent osteoanabolic agent in the management of severe osteoporosis.

N-acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysyl-proline — a naturally occurring anti-fibrotic tetrapeptide derived from the N-terminus of thymosin beta-4, regulated by ACE and studied for cardiac, renal, and pulmonary fibrosis.

A synthetic hexapeptide (Ac-Glu-Glu-Met-Gln-Arg-Arg) that modulates enkephalin signaling at the neuromuscular junction to reduce muscle contraction intensity, functioning as a complementary mechanism to Argireline for topical wrinkle reduction.

A biomimetic signaling peptide and key active ingredient in Capixyl hair loss treatments, proposed to counteract DHT-driven follicle miniaturization and reduce perifollicular inflammation.

A seven-amino-acid fragment of adrenocorticotropic hormone with cognitive-enhancing properties independent of adrenal stimulation, studied for attention, memory, and learning enhancement in both animal and human trials.

An experimental chimeric peptide that targets prohibitin on adipose vasculature, inducing apoptosis of blood vessels feeding white fat tissue. Studied in obese primates with dramatic fat reduction but no human trials to date.

Afamelanotide (trade name Scenesse) is a synthetic tridecapeptide analog of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) approved by the EMA in 2014 and the FDA in 2019 for the prevention of phototoxicity in adults with erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP). As a potent and selective MC1R agonist, afamelanotide stimulates eumelanin production in melanocytes independent of UV exposure, providing photoprotection to patients who otherwise experience severe, debilitating pain upon sunlight exposure. Delivered as a subcutaneous biodegradable implant every 2 months, it represents a first-in-class therapeutic approach that directly augments the skin's natural UV defense system to manage a rare but profoundly disabling genetic photosensitivity disorder.

A modified analog of BPC-157 incorporating alpha-aminoisobutyric acid (Aib) substitutions to enhance proteolytic stability and extend biological half-life while preserving cytoprotective activity.

A stable dipeptide form of glutamine used in clinical nutrition for gut barrier integrity, immune support, and post-surgical recovery — solving glutamine's instability problem.

A next-generation biomimetic lipopeptide from Sederma's Matrixyl family that targets age-related dermal matrix architecture changes by upregulating TGF-beta signaling, fibrillin-1, and elastic fiber network components — addressing deep structural skin aging beyond collagen alone.

A small-molecule anti-inflammatory agent repurposed for metabolic research, studied as an IKKε/TBK1 inhibitor that may reverse obesity-associated insulin resistance.

An investigational unimolecular GLP-1 and amylin receptor co-agonist from Novo Nordisk, being developed in both oral and subcutaneous forms for obesity and type 2 diabetes, with early-phase weight-loss data among the largest reported for the class.

A counter-regulatory heptapeptide of the renin-angiotensin system that opposes the vasoconstrictive and pro-inflammatory effects of angiotensin II through the Mas receptor, with cardioprotective, anti-fibrotic, and anti-inflammatory properties.

A 16-amino-acid fragment of the C-terminus of human growth hormone (residues 176–191), marketed for fat-loss lipolytic activity but weak in controlled human trials.

An endogenous peptide ligand for the APJ receptor (apelin receptor) with potent cardiovascular, angiogenic, and fluid homeostasis functions, studied as a potential therapeutic in heart failure and metabolic disease.

A long-acting GLP-2 receptor agonist in late-stage development for short bowel syndrome with intestinal failure, engineered for once-weekly dosing to promote intestinal growth and improve nutrient and fluid absorption.

A topical hexapeptide marketed as a 'topical Botox' — mimics a SNAP-25 fragment to dampen neurotransmitter release at the dermal-epidermal junction.

A biotinylated derivative of the copper-binding tripeptide GHK, combining the collagen-stimulating and wound-healing properties of GHK-Cu with biotin's keratin-supporting activity for enhanced hair and nail applications.

A 15-amino-acid peptide fragment derived from gastric juice protein BPC, studied extensively in animal models for tissue healing and gut integrity.

An FDA-approved melanocortin-4 receptor agonist (Vyleesi®) for hypoactive sexual desire disorder in premenopausal women — the first centrally-acting peptide approved for female sexual dysfunction.

A long-acting amylin analog in development by Novo Nordisk, studied in combination with semaglutide (CagriSema) for obesity — achieving up to 24% weight loss in trials.

An investigational once-weekly fixed-dose combination of the amylin analog cagrilintide and the GLP-1 agonist semaglutide from Novo Nordisk, tested in the Phase 3 REDEFINE program for obesity and type 2 diabetes.

A synthetic version of the salmon calcitonin hormone, approved as a nasal spray or injection that lowers blood calcium and reduces bone breakdown, historically used for osteoporosis, Paget's disease of bone, and hypercalcemia.

A peptide-based epoxyketone proteasome inhibitor — an approved intravenous chemotherapy for relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma that binds the proteasome irreversibly.

An endogenous dipeptide (beta-alanine-L-histidine) with potent anti-glycation, antioxidant, and pH-buffering properties, concentrated in muscle and brain tissue, studied extensively for anti-aging and neuroprotective applications.

A tripeptide bioregulator (Ala-Glu-Asp) targeting cartilage and musculoskeletal tissue, studied for joint protection, cartilage regeneration, and osteoarthritis prevention in aging.

A 21-amino-acid endogenous peptide derived from chromogranin A that inhibits catecholamine release via nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonism, with cardiovascular protective, antimicrobial, and metabolic regulatory properties under active investigation for hypertension and heart failure.

An FDA- and EMA-approved recombinant human nerve growth factor (rhNGF) eye drop for neurotrophic keratitis, a rare degenerative corneal disease, used to restore corneal healing and integrity.

A bovine cerebral cortex-derived neuropeptide complex used clinically in Russia and CIS countries for stroke recovery, traumatic brain injury, and cognitive decline in aging populations.

A porcine brain-derived peptide preparation containing low-molecular-weight neuropeptides and free amino acids, approved in over 40 countries for stroke recovery and traumatic brain injury.

A gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist peptide — used in IVF to prevent a premature LH surge, giving immediate, reversible suppression of ovulation triggers.

Calcitonin gene-related peptide, the most potent endogenous vasodilator known, with a central role in migraine pathophysiology and emerging significance in wound healing and cardiovascular protection.

An investigational peptide-chrysin conjugate combining the flavonoid aromatase inhibitor chrysin with a bioactive peptide carrier to enhance bioavailability and target estrogen metabolism modulation in research contexts.

A long-acting GHRH analog featuring a Drug Affinity Complex that covalently binds serum albumin, extending the half-life to 6–8 days and producing sustained, continuous GH and IGF-1 elevation.

The most widely used GHRH + GHRP stack — CJC-1295 extends GHRH half-life while Ipamorelin selectively amplifies GH pulses without disturbing cortisol or prolactin.

A modified GHRH (1-29) analog without the Drug Affinity Complex — produces discrete, pulsatile GH release with a ~30-minute half-life, closely mimicking endogenous GH secretion patterns.

Enzymatically hydrolyzed collagen broken into short peptides that survive digestion — marketed for skin, joint, and connective-tissue support.

A copper-binding tripeptide (Ala-His-Lys-Cu) studied for hair follicle stimulation, dermal papilla cell proliferation, and VEGF upregulation in hair growth applications.

A tetrapeptide bioregulator (Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly) studied for cerebral cortex regulation, neuroprotection after ischemia, and potential cognitive benefits in aging populations.

A neuropeptide structurally related to somatostatin that promotes slow-wave sleep, modulates cortical activity, and exerts potent anti-inflammatory effects through both somatostatin-shared and cortistatin-specific receptor pathways.

Dalcinonacog alfa (trade name Ixinity) is a recombinant coagulation factor IX concentrate indicated for the control and prevention of bleeding episodes in patients with hemophilia B (congenital factor IX deficiency). Produced using Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell technology, it provides a high-purity, plasma-free source of functional factor IX that restores the intrinsic coagulation pathway. FDA-approved in 2015, dalcinonacog alfa represents a significant advancement in recombinant clotting factor therapy, offering reliable hemostatic efficacy with a well-characterized safety profile for both on-demand treatment and routine prophylaxis in hemophilia B patients.

A cyclic lipopeptide antibiotic with a unique calcium-dependent mechanism that disrupts bacterial cell membranes, representing the first-in-class agent for treating serious Gram-positive infections including MRSA.

An investigational eight-amino-acid neuroprotective peptide derived from activity-dependent neuroprotective protein (ADNP) that stabilizes microtubules; studied in tauopathies and cognition with mixed clinical results, now revisited for ADNP-related disorders.

A family of small cationic antimicrobial peptides (29-35 amino acids) stored in neutrophil granules that form the first line of innate immune defense against bacteria, fungi, and enveloped viruses.

Degarelix is an FDA-approved synthetic decapeptide GnRH receptor antagonist used for the treatment of advanced prostate cancer. Marketed as Firmagon, it achieves rapid testosterone suppression to castrate levels without the testosterone flare associated with GnRH agonists, making it particularly suitable for patients with symptomatic metastatic disease or impending spinal cord compression.

Synthetic analog of the antidiuretic hormone vasopressin (ADH) — a decades-old, widely approved prescription medicine for central diabetes insipidus, bedwetting, nocturia, and certain bleeding disorders.

A peripherally-restricted kappa-opioid receptor agonist peptide — approved for the itching (pruritus) of chronic kidney disease in dialysis patients, without the central effects of classic opioids.

A hexapeptide analog of angiotensin IV that crosses the blood-brain barrier and promotes synaptogenesis via hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) signaling — studied for cognitive enhancement and neurodegenerative disease.

A 9-amino-acid neuropeptide isolated from the rabbit brain, investigated for delta-wave sleep promotion and stress-axis modulation.

Dulaglutide (Trulicity) is an FDA-approved once-weekly GLP-1 receptor agonist fusion protein prescribed for type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular risk reduction. It consists of a modified GLP-1 analog covalently linked to a human IgG4 Fc fragment, enabling convenient once-weekly subcutaneous dosing.

A recombinant plasma kallikrein inhibitor peptide — an approved on-demand treatment for acute hereditary angioedema attacks that blocks bradykinin production upstream.

A once-weekly, cAMP-biased GLP-1 receptor agonist engineered to preferentially signal through the cAMP pathway. Investigated for type 2 diabetes and obesity, with both subcutaneous and oral formulations under development.

A once-weekly, exendin-based GLP-1 receptor agonist built on an antibody Fc fusion scaffold. Notable for the AMPLITUDE-O cardiovascular outcomes trial, which showed reductions in major cardiovascular and renal events in high-risk type 2 diabetes.

Enfuvirtide (trade name Fuzeon, also known as T-20) is a 36-amino-acid synthetic peptide that functions as an HIV-1 fusion inhibitor, representing the first member of a novel class of antiretroviral drugs. Approved by the FDA in 2003, enfuvirtide works by binding to the heptad repeat 1 (HR1) region of the HIV-1 gp41 transmembrane glycoprotein, blocking the conformational change necessary for viral-cell membrane fusion and thereby preventing HIV-1 entry into host CD4+ T cells. It is indicated for treatment-experienced patients with evidence of HIV-1 replication despite ongoing antiretroviral therapy, and has demonstrated significant viral load reductions when added to optimized background regimens.

A synthetic tetrapeptide (Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly) modeled on pineal extract Epithalamin — studied by Russian researchers for telomerase, circadian, and longevity endpoints.

Alternate naming and formulation of the tetrapeptide Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly (AEDG), sometimes sold distinctly from Epitalon — same active sequence targeting telomerase activation.

An injectable peptide calcimimetic that lowers parathyroid hormone in dialysis patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism — dosed intravenously three times a week with dialysis.

Exenatide is the first FDA-approved GLP-1 receptor agonist, a synthetic 39-amino-acid peptide derived from exendin-4 found in the saliva of the Gila monster (Heloderma suspectum). Available as Byetta (twice-daily injection) and Bydureon (once-weekly extended-release microsphere injection), it lowers blood glucose in type 2 diabetes by enhancing glucose-dependent insulin secretion, suppressing glucagon, slowing gastric emptying, and promoting satiety.

A 344-amino-acid glycoprotein that antagonizes myostatin and activin A — the primary endogenous brake on skeletal muscle growth — studied for muscle wasting and gene therapy applications.

A D-retro-inverso peptide that disrupts FOXO4-p53 interactions in senescent cells, triggering selective apoptosis. The first peptide-based senolytic — published in Cell (2017) with striking mouse healthspan data.

A naturally occurring copper-binding tripeptide (Gly-His-Lys) with decades of cosmetic dermatology research in wound healing and skin remodeling.

The base copper-binding tripeptide (Gly-His-Lys) found in human plasma and tissues — a precursor to GHK-Cu with intrinsic bioactivity in wound healing, gene modulation, and anti-inflammatory signaling.

An early-generation growth-hormone-releasing peptide with potent GHSR agonism but notable prolactin elevation compared to the later selective agent Ipamorelin.

The first-generation growth-hormone-releasing peptide, notable for inducing strong hunger through ghrelin-receptor activation alongside GH release.

A 42-amino-acid incretin hormone secreted by K-cells in the duodenum and jejunum that potentiates glucose-dependent insulin secretion and plays a central role in the mechanism of tirzepatide and retatrutide.

A random four-amino-acid peptide copolymer that immunomodulates multiple sclerosis — one of the oldest and most-established disease-modifying therapies for relapsing MS.

A long-acting GLP-2 receptor analog engineered for less-frequent dosing than teduglutide. Investigated for short bowel syndrome, it stimulates intestinal mucosal growth and absorption with a once- or twice-weekly regimen.

The master intracellular antioxidant tripeptide (gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine) that serves as the primary cellular defense against oxidative stress, xenobiotic toxicity, and redox imbalance across virtually all human tissues.

A naturally occurring tripeptide cleaved from the N-terminus of IGF-1 in the brain, studied as a neuroprotective agent in stroke and neurodegeneration models.

A synthetic decapeptide identical to endogenous gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) — used diagnostically to assess pituitary gonadotroph reserve and therapeutically to stimulate LH/FSH release.

A synthetic analog of endogenous GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone) used clinically to evaluate pituitary gonadotropin reserve and investigated for fertility and hormonal optimization protocols.

A potent GHRP with documented cardioprotective effects in ischemic animal models, distinct from other GHRPs in its non-GH receptor activity.

A modified fragment of human growth hormone (amino acids 176-191) that retains GH's lipolytic activity without its growth-promoting or diabetogenic effects. The most targeted fat-loss peptide in research use.

A 24-amino-acid mitochondrial-derived peptide (MDP) with cytoprotective, anti-apoptotic, and neuroprotective activity. Encoded within the mitochondrial genome, humanin represents a new class of retrograde signaling molecules.

An oral, non-peptide growth hormone secretagogue that mimics ghrelin at the GHSR-1a receptor — produces sustained GH and IGF-1 elevation without injections. Extensively studied in human trials.

A selective bradykinin B2 receptor antagonist peptide — an approved self-injectable treatment for acute attacks of hereditary angioedema.

A long-acting analog of insulin-like growth factor 1 with substitutions that reduce IGF-binding-protein affinity, extending half-life and increasing free IGF-1 activity.

The most selective GHRP (growth-hormone-releasing peptide) — amplifies GH pulses via ghrelin/GHSR receptor without meaningful cortisol, prolactin, or aldosterone crosstalk.

An exercise-induced myokine cleaved from fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 (FNDC5) that mediates metabolic benefits of physical activity including white-to-brown fat conversion and improved glucose homeostasis.

A copper-binding tripeptide (Lys-His-Lys) that chelates Cu2+ ions to promote collagen synthesis, wound healing, and hair follicle stimulation as an alternative to GHK-Cu.

A 10-amino-acid fragment of the endogenous kisspeptin neuropeptide that activates GnRH neurons — the master switch of the reproductive hormone axis — studied for infertility, metabolic health, and diagnostic endocrinology.

The full-length 54-amino-acid product of the KISS1 gene — the master upstream regulator of the hypothalamic GnRH pulse generator, central to puberty onset, reproductive cyclicity, and fertility.

A C-terminal tripeptide fragment of alpha-MSH with potent anti-inflammatory activity, studied for its role in modulating NF-κB signaling without melanogenic effects.

A cationic antimicrobial peptide derived from the N-terminal region of lactoferrin by pepsin digestion, possessing broad-spectrum antimicrobial, antifungal, antiviral, and immunomodulatory properties.

Lanreotide is an FDA-approved synthetic cyclic octapeptide somatostatin analog marketed as Somatuline Depot (US) and Somatuline Autogel (EU/UK). It binds primarily to SSTR2 and SSTR5, and is approved for acromegaly (2007) and gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEP-NETs, 2014), with the landmark CLARINET trial establishing its antiproliferative effect in NETs.

A synthetic octapeptide tight junction regulator studied in Phase III clinical trials for celiac disease — acts locally in the gut to prevent paracellular permeability increase (leaky gut).

An FDA-approved GnRH agonist nonapeptide prescribed for prostate cancer, endometriosis, uterine fibroids, and central precocious puberty. One of the most widely used hormone-modulating peptides with extensive clinical data spanning decades.

Linaclotide is an FDA-approved 14-amino-acid peptide and guanylate cyclase-C (GC-C) agonist prescribed for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome with constipation (IBS-C) and chronic idiopathic constipation (CIC). Marketed as Linzess in the US and Constella in Europe, it acts locally in the intestinal lumen to stimulate fluid secretion and reduce visceral pain.

The first GLP-1 receptor agonist approved for chronic weight management (Saxenda, 2014) — an acylated human GLP-1 analog with ~13-hour half-life dosed once daily.

A tetrapeptide bioregulator (Lys-Glu-Asp-Ala) targeting liver tissue, studied for hepatoprotection, chromatin decondensation, and restoration of liver function in aging models.

Lixisenatide is an FDA-approved 44-amino-acid GLP-1 receptor agonist derived from exendin-4, prescribed for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Marketed as Adlyxin in the US and Lyxumia in Europe, it is also available in a fixed-ratio combination with insulin glargine (Soliqua 100/33) for comprehensive glycemic control.

A 37-amino-acid human cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide with broad-spectrum activity against bacteria, fungi, and biofilms, plus immunomodulatory and wound-healing properties.

A 43-amino-acid soy-derived peptide with epigenetic anti-cancer properties that inhibits histone acetyltransferase activity and modulates innate immunity through RGD integrin binding.

An FDA-approved oral ghrelin receptor agonist used as a diagnostic test for adult growth hormone deficiency — the first and only oral GH stimulation test approved in the United States.

An investigational antibody-peptide conjugate from Amgen that pairs GLP-1 receptor agonism with GIP receptor antagonism, engineered for infrequent (roughly monthly) dosing in obesity and type 2 diabetes.

Fish-derived hydrolyzed collagen — smaller molecular weight than bovine, often claimed to have superior bioavailability though head-to-head evidence is limited.

A well-studied topical peptide combination marketed for wrinkle reduction — the palmitoyl lipid tail enables penetration past the stratum corneum.

A once-weekly GLP-1 receptor and glucagon receptor (GCGR) dual agonist based on the oxyntomodulin backbone. Developed for obesity and type 2 diabetes, mazdutide couples appetite suppression with glucagon-driven energy expenditure and hepatic fat reduction.

Recombinant human insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) — an approved medicine for severe primary IGF-1 deficiency, replacing the growth factor that growth hormone normally triggers.

An FDA/EMA-approved melanocortin-1 receptor agonist (α-MSH analog) for erythropoietic protoporphyria. Produces photoprotective melanin without UV exposure.

A synthetic analog of α-MSH that binds melanocortin receptors, inducing melanogenesis (tanning) along with libido and appetite-suppression effects. Pre-PT-141 ancestor molecule.

A splice variant of IGF-1 produced locally in damaged muscle tissue, studied for its role in satellite cell activation and skeletal muscle repair.

A 16-amino-acid peptide encoded in the mitochondrial 12S rRNA — investigated as a metabolic regulator of AMPK signaling and insulin sensitivity.

An N-acetylated, amidated analog of Selank with improved metabolic stability and enhanced CNS bioavailability — studied for anxiolytic and nootropic effects.

An off-label, ultra-low-dose application of the opioid antagonist naltrexone that paradoxically upregulates endogenous endorphin and enkephalin production, widely explored for autoimmune modulation and chronic inflammation.

An 82-amino-acid anorexigenic peptide derived from nucleobindin-2 (NUCB2) that suppresses appetite through hypothalamic signaling and crosses the blood-brain barrier, studied for potential anti-obesity applications.

Nesiritide (Natrecor) is a recombinant form of human B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), a 32-amino-acid peptide identical to the endogenous hormone produced by ventricular cardiomyocytes in response to volume overload. FDA-approved in 2001 for the treatment of acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF), it promotes vasodilation, natriuresis, and diuresis through activation of the natriuretic peptide receptor A (NPR-A) and intracellular cGMP signaling.

A synthetic MC1R antagonist peptide used in cosmetic skin-lightening formulations to inhibit melanin synthesis and transfer from melanocytes to keratinocytes, reducing hyperpigmentation.

Octreotide is an FDA-approved synthetic cyclic octapeptide analog of somatostatin used to treat acromegaly, carcinoid syndrome, and vasoactive intestinal peptide-secreting tumors (VIPomas). Marketed as Sandostatin (immediate-release) and Sandostatin LAR (long-acting depot), it inhibits growth hormone, glucagon, and insulin secretion by binding to somatostatin receptor subtypes 2 and 5.

An oral, non-peptide GLP-1 receptor agonist in phase 3 development by Eli Lilly, representing a potential paradigm shift from injectable to oral incretin-based therapies for obesity and type 2 diabetes.

A nine-amino-acid neuropeptide produced in the hypothalamus. The 'bonding hormone' has well-established roles in labor, lactation, and social cognition, with emerging research in autism, PTSD, and metabolic regulation.

A small peptide fragment derived from ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) that promotes neurogenesis and enhances cognitive function in animal models by crossing the blood-brain barrier.

A lipidated derivative of the copper-binding tripeptide GHK, designed for enhanced skin penetration in topical anti-aging formulations.

An anti-inflammatory lipopeptide that suppresses IL-6 and TNF-α release in skin — used in cosmetic formulations targeting redness, irritation, and sensitivity in rosacea-prone and reactive skin types.

The pentapeptide form of Matrixyl (palmitoyl pentapeptide-4) — Pal-Lys-Thr-Thr-Lys-Ser — a type I collagen fragment mimetic that is one of the most clinically validated topical peptides for wrinkle reduction and skin firmness.

A lipopeptide consisting of palmitic acid conjugated to a dipeptide sequence (Lys-Val) that stimulates collagen synthesis and extracellular matrix remodeling for anti-aging skin applications.

A lipopeptide modeled on the elastin repeat sequence VGVAPG — stimulates elastin production in dermal fibroblasts via the 67-kDa elastin-binding protein receptor, targeting skin elasticity loss rather than collagen depletion.

The original Matrixyl peptide — a lipopeptide that mimics the collagen I pro-peptide fragment to stimulate fibroblast production of collagens I, III, IV, fibronectin, and hyaluronic acid. One of the most studied anti-wrinkle cosmetic peptides.

A lipopeptide that suppresses IL-6 and glycation-driven inflammation in skin, often combined with Palmitoyl Oligopeptide in anti-aging formulations (Matrixyl 3000).

A lipopeptide signal peptide (INCI: Palmitoyl Tripeptide-1) used in Matrixyl and advanced skincare formulations to stimulate collagen I, III, and fibronectin synthesis via TGF-β activation.

A lipopeptide TGF-β mimetic that stimulates collagen I and III synthesis in dermal fibroblasts — used in anti-wrinkle formulations as a signaling peptide rather than a neuromuscular inhibitor.

A short synthetic peptide bioregulator (tetrapeptide) developed within the Khavinson bioregulator framework and proposed to support pancreatic tissue function. Evidence is limited and derived largely from Russian preclinical and small clinical studies.

Pasireotide is an FDA-approved cyclohexapeptide somatostatin analog with uniquely broad receptor binding across SSTR1, 2, 3, and 5. Marketed as Signifor (subcutaneous) and Signifor LAR (long-acting depot), it is approved for Cushing's disease (2012) and acromegaly (2014), distinguished from older somatostatin analogs by its highest affinity for the SSTR5 subtype critical in corticotroph adenomas.

A seven-amino-acid spadin analog that enhances BDNF signaling by blocking TREK-1 potassium channels, studied in preclinical models for antidepressant and cognitive-enhancing effects.

PEGylated Mechano Growth Factor — a splice variant of IGF-1 modified with polyethylene glycol for extended half-life. Studied for its role in muscle satellite cell activation and tissue repair.

A pegylated cyclic peptide that inhibits complement protein C3 — approved for paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) and, as an eye injection, for geographic atrophy in age-related macular degeneration.

A polyethylene glycol-conjugated variant of BPC-157 engineered for extended half-life and reduced injection frequency while retaining the parent peptide's tissue-healing properties.

Oral semaglutide co-formulated with SNAC (sodium N-[8-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)amino] caprylate) absorption enhancer — the first peptide-based GLP-1 receptor agonist available as a daily oral tablet (Rybelsus), FDA-approved for type 2 diabetes.

A polyethylene glycol-conjugated form of thymosin alpha-1 designed to extend circulating half-life from hours to days, reducing injection frequency while preserving immunomodulatory potency.

A dual GLP-1/glucagon receptor agonist developed by Altimmune for MASH and obesity, designed to leverage glucagon-driven hepatic fat reduction alongside GLP-1-mediated appetite suppression.

A semi-synthetic glycosaminoglycan with anticoagulant and anti-inflammatory properties, FDA-approved for interstitial cystitis and studied for osteoarthritis cartilage protection.

An investigational long-acting amylin analog from Zealand Pharma designed for once-weekly dosing in obesity, being studied both alone and as a potential backbone for combination therapy, with a focus on quality of weight loss and tolerability.

A tripeptide bioregulator (Glu-Asp-Arg) developed by the Khavinson Institute, studied for neuroprotective and cognitive-enhancing properties through epigenetic regulation of brain tissue.

An FDA-approved 16-amino acid guanylate cyclase-C (GC-C) agonist structurally analogous to human uroguanylin, prescribed for chronic idiopathic constipation (CIC) and irritable bowel syndrome with constipation (IBS-C).

Pramlintide (Symlin) is an FDA-approved synthetic analog of amylin, a 37-amino-acid peptide hormone co-secreted with insulin from pancreatic beta cells. Administered as a subcutaneous injection before meals, it complements insulin therapy in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes by suppressing postprandial glucagon, slowing gastric emptying, and promoting satiety — three mechanisms that insulin alone cannot address.

A melanocortin receptor agonist FDA-approved for hypoactive sexual desire disorder in premenopausal women, acting on central nervous-system pathways rather than vascular ones.

An investigational triple GIP / GLP-1 / glucagon receptor agonist from Eli Lilly, showing the largest weight-loss effect sizes yet reported in obesity trials (up to ~24% at 48 weeks in phase-2).

A synthetic heptapeptide analog of tuftsin, developed at the Russian Institute of Molecular Genetics as an anxiolytic nootropic administered intranasally.

Long-acting GLP-1 receptor agonist — FDA-approved for type-2 diabetes and chronic weight management, landmark for its ~15% mean weight reduction in STEP trials.

A synthetic heptapeptide fragment of ACTH (4-10) developed in Russia as a cognitive enhancer, used clinically there for stroke recovery and anxiety.

The first synthetic GHRH analog approved for clinical use — GHRH (1-29) NH₂, the minimum active sequence. Shorter-acting than tesamorelin or CJC-1295.

An MC4R-selective melanocortin agonist FDA-approved for rare genetic obesity syndromes (POMC, PCSK1, LEPR deficiency, Bardet-Biedl syndrome).

A pentapeptide modeled on the SNAP-25 SNARE protein that modulates neuromuscular junction signaling — marketed as a complementary alternative to Argireline for expression-line reduction in anti-wrinkle formulations.

A heptapeptide cosmetic neuropeptide that inhibits SNARE complex formation at the neuromuscular junction to reduce facial muscle contractions and dynamic wrinkles, functioning as a topical botulinum toxin alternative.

A synthetic octapeptide that mimics the N-terminal of SNAP-25, reducing neuromuscular signaling to facial muscles. The 'topical Botox' of peptide skincare — with more modest results.

A cell-permeable tetrapeptide that targets the inner mitochondrial membrane, stabilizing cardiolipin and improving electron transport chain efficiency — in late-stage clinical trials for mitochondrial and cardiac diseases.

A dual GLP-1/glucagon receptor agonist in phase 3 development by Boehringer Ingelheim for MASH (metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis) and obesity, with strong liver-directed efficacy signals.

A polypeptide complex extracted from calf thymus, used clinically in Russia for immune restoration and studied for anti-aging effects including mortality reduction in elderly cohorts.

A cell-permeable autophagy-inducing peptide derived from a key region of the Beclin 1 protein fused to the HIV-1 Tat transduction domain, engineered to potently activate cellular self-cleaning pathways.

Synthetic fragment of Thymosin β4 investigated for actin-binding, cell migration, and tissue repair across muscle, cornea, and cardiac models.

An FDA- and EMA-approved GLP-2 analog that promotes intestinal mucosal growth. Used to reduce parenteral nutrition dependence in short bowel syndrome, teduglutide increases villus height, crypt depth, and nutrient absorption.

An FDA- and EMA-approved recombinant fragment of parathyroid hormone (PTH 1-34) used as a bone-building (anabolic) treatment for high-risk osteoporosis, given by daily subcutaneous injection to stimulate new bone formation.

Long-acting vasopressin analog and prodrug — an approved hospital medicine for hepatorenal syndrome and bleeding esophageal varices in advanced liver disease.

FDA-approved synthetic GHRH analog indicated for HIV-associated lipodystrophy, studied for visceral adipose tissue reduction and cognitive endpoints.

A triple monoamine reuptake inhibitor (serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) originally developed for neurodegenerative diseases, repurposed for obesity after demonstrating significant weight loss in clinical trials.

A thymic peptide bioregulator developed by the St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology, studied in Russian clinical cohorts for immune reconstitution and longevity.

A synthetic pentapeptide (Arg-Lys-Asp-Val-Tyr) corresponding to residues 32-36 of thymopoietin, used clinically in some countries for immune modulation in immunodeficiency and autoimmune conditions.

A synthetic pentapeptide (Arg-Lys-Asp-Val-Tyr) representing the active site of the 49-amino-acid thymic hormone thymopoietin, used clinically in several countries for T-cell immunomodulation in immunodeficiency, autoimmune conditions, and as adjunct cancer therapy.

A 28-amino-acid thymic peptide approved in 30+ countries (not US) for hepatitis B/C and as an immune adjunct in oncology and infectious disease.

A lesser-studied member of the beta-thymosin family with documented angiogenic and tumor-associated properties, investigated as both a cancer biomarker and a potential modulator of vascular growth.

A 43-amino acid peptide and the primary intracellular G-actin sequestering protein. TB-500 is a synthetic fragment of Thymosin Beta-4's active site — this is the full-length parent molecule with broader tissue repair and anti-inflammatory evidence.

The biologically active zinc-bound form of thymulin (facteur thymique serique), a nonapeptide secreted by thymic epithelial cells that requires zinc chelation for immunomodulatory activity.

A zinc-dependent nonapeptide hormone naturally secreted by thymic epithelial cells, studied for its role in T-cell maturation and immune system regulation.

First-in-class dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonist — SURMOUNT trials showed ~20% mean weight reduction and superior A1c control versus semaglutide.

A GnRH agonist decapeptide used clinically for prostate cancer, endometriosis, and precocious puberty. In the peptide community it is discussed for HPTA restart after anabolic steroid use.

The body's own antidiuretic hormone (ADH), used clinically as an approved intravenous vasopressor in shock and cardiac arrest — the parent molecule behind desmopressin and terlipressin.

A tripeptide bioregulator (Lys-Glu-Asp) targeting vascular endothelium, studied for cardiovascular protection, endothelial function restoration, and atherosclerosis prevention in aging.

A dipeptide bioregulator (Lys-Glu) derived from thymus tissue, studied for immune system regulation, thymic regeneration, and anti-aging effects in elderly populations.

A 28-amino-acid neuropeptide with broad immunomodulatory, vasodilatory, and neuroprotective activity. Studied in CIRS (chronic inflammatory response syndrome), pulmonary hypertension, and gut motility disorders.

An investigational dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist from Viking Therapeutics, in development in both subcutaneous and oral forms for obesity, with early-phase weight-loss data that has drawn intense interest in the incretin field.

A C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) analog — the first approved medicine to increase growth velocity in children with achondroplasia by counteracting overactive FGFR3 signaling.

A synthetic cone-snail venom peptide (ω-conotoxin) delivered directly into spinal fluid — an approved non-opioid treatment for severe, refractory chronic pain.

Zilucoplan (trade name Zilbrysq) is a macrocyclic peptide inhibitor of complement component C5, approved by the FDA in October 2023 for the treatment of generalized myasthenia gravis (gMG) in adults who are anti-acetylcholine receptor (AChR) antibody-positive. As the first self-administered subcutaneous complement inhibitor for gMG, zilucoplan offers a convenient daily injection alternative to intravenous complement therapies. The peptide binds with high affinity to C5, preventing its cleavage into pro-inflammatory fragments C5a and C5b, thereby blocking the terminal complement cascade and reducing antibody-mediated destruction of the neuromuscular junction.