Peptide Catalog

A small-molecule NNMT inhibitor (technically not a peptide) grouped with peptides in fat-loss contexts, investigated in preclinical obesity and muscle-aging models.

Abaloparatide (trade name Tymlos) is a 34-amino acid synthetic peptide analog of human parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) approved by the FDA in 2017 for the treatment of postmenopausal women with osteoporosis at high risk for fracture. It selectively activates the PTH1 receptor in its RG (G-protein-dependent) conformation, promoting robust anabolic bone formation with comparatively less bone resorption and hypercalcemia than teriparatide (PTH 1–34). In the pivotal ACTIVE trial, abaloparatide demonstrated significant reductions in vertebral and nonvertebral fractures, establishing it as a potent osteoanabolic agent in the management of severe osteoporosis.

A GnRH antagonist decapeptide that suppresses testosterone immediately without the initial flare of GnRH agonists. It was FDA-approved in 2003 for advanced prostate cancer but voluntarily withdrawn from the US market in 2005; it illustrates the antagonist approach later refined by degarelix.

N-acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysyl-proline — a naturally occurring anti-fibrotic tetrapeptide derived from the N-terminus of thymosin beta-4, regulated by ACE and studied for cardiac, renal, and pulmonary fibrosis.

A synthetic hexapeptide (Ac-Glu-Glu-Met-Gln-Arg-Arg) that modulates enkephalin signaling at the neuromuscular junction to reduce muscle contraction intensity, functioning as a complementary mechanism to Argireline for topical wrinkle reduction.

A biomimetic signaling peptide and key active ingredient in Capixyl hair loss treatments, proposed to counteract DHT-driven follicle miniaturization and reduce perifollicular inflammation.

A seven-amino-acid fragment of adrenocorticotropic hormone with cognitive-enhancing properties independent of adrenal stimulation, studied for attention, memory, and learning enhancement in both animal and human trials.

An experimental chimeric peptide that targets prohibitin on adipose vasculature, inducing apoptosis of blood vessels feeding white fat tissue. Studied in obese primates with dramatic fat reduction but no human trials to date.

Afamelanotide (Scenesse) is a synthetic analog of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) given as a 16 mg subcutaneous implant every 2 months. It is an approved prescription medicine — authorised in the EU in 2014, approved by the FDA in 2019 and registered by Australia's TGA — for adults with erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP), a rare inherited disorder that causes severe pain after light exposure. It works by increasing eumelanin in the skin, and in randomized trials it modestly increased pain-free time in sunlight.

A modified analog of BPC-157 incorporating alpha-aminoisobutyric acid (Aib) substitutions to enhance proteolytic stability and extend biological half-life while preserving cytoprotective activity.

A stable dipeptide form of glutamine used in clinical nutrition for gut barrier integrity, immune support, and post-surgical recovery — solving glutamine's instability problem.

A next-generation biomimetic lipopeptide from Sederma's Matrixyl family that targets age-related dermal matrix architecture changes by upregulating TGF-beta signaling, fibrillin-1, and elastic fiber network components — addressing deep structural skin aging beyond collagen alone.

A small-molecule anti-inflammatory agent repurposed for metabolic research, studied as an IKKε/TBK1 inhibitor that may reverse obesity-associated insulin resistance.

An investigational single-molecule GLP-1 and amylin receptor agonist from Novo Nordisk, now named zenagamtide, studied as a once-weekly injection and a once-daily tablet for obesity and type 2 diabetes. It is not approved anywhere.

An orally active ghrelin-receptor (GHSR-1a) agonist developed for cancer cachexia and anorexia. Approved in Japan (Adlumiz) for cancer-related wasting, but not FDA-approved in the United States — research-only in the US.

A counter-regulatory heptapeptide of the renin-angiotensin system that opposes the vasoconstrictive and pro-inflammatory effects of angiotensin II through the Mas receptor, with cardioprotective, anti-fibrotic, and anti-inflammatory properties.

A synthetic form of the body's most powerful natural vasoconstrictor peptide, FDA-approved in 2017 (Giapreza) to raise dangerously low blood pressure in adults with septic or other distributive shock. It adds a distinct mechanism alongside catecholamine and vasopressin vasopressors.

An echinocandin antifungal that is cleared by slow chemical breakdown rather than by the liver or kidneys, so it needs no dose adjustment for organ impairment. Used intravenously for candidemia and invasive candidiasis.

A 16-amino-acid fragment of the C-terminus of human growth hormone (residues 176–191), marketed for fat-loss lipolytic activity but weak in controlled human trials.

An endogenous peptide ligand for the APJ receptor (apelin receptor) with potent cardiovascular, angiogenic, and fluid homeostasis functions, studied as a potential therapeutic in heart failure and metabolic disease.

A long-acting GLP-2 receptor agonist in late-stage development for short bowel syndrome with intestinal failure, engineered for once-weekly dosing to promote intestinal growth and improve nutrient and fluid absorption.

A topical hexapeptide marketed as a 'topical Botox' — mimics a SNAP-25 fragment to dampen neurotransmitter release at the dermal-epidermal junction.

An oxytocin receptor antagonist peptide used in Europe and many other regions to delay imminent preterm birth (tocolysis). By blocking oxytocin, it relaxes the uterus, buying time for steroids and transfer to specialist care. Not FDA-approved in the US.

A synthetic form of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) investigated for acute respiratory distress syndrome; combined with phentolamine (Invicorp) it is approved in some European countries for erectile dysfunction.

A cyclic peptide antibiotic best known as a topical treatment for minor skin infections — a component of many over-the-counter first-aid ointments — that blocks a key recycling step in bacterial cell-wall building.

A biotinylated derivative of the copper-binding tripeptide GHK, combining the collagen-stimulating and wound-healing properties of GHK-Cu with biotin's keratin-supporting activity for enhanced hair and nail applications.

A synthetic 20-amino-acid direct thrombin inhibitor modeled on the leech anticoagulant hirudin — used as an intravenous anticoagulant during coronary procedures and in patients who can't receive heparin.

A 15-amino-acid peptide fragment derived from gastric juice protein BPC, studied extensively in animal models for tissue healing and gut integrity.

An FDA-approved melanocortin-4 receptor agonist (Vyleesi®) for hypoactive sexual desire disorder in premenopausal women — the first centrally-acting peptide approved for female sexual dysfunction.

A GnRH agonist nonapeptide used in Europe, the UK, Canada, and Australia for prostate cancer, endometriosis, and controlled ovarian stimulation in IVF. Available as depot injection and nasal spray; not marketed in the United States.

An investigational long-acting amylin analogue from Novo Nordisk, studied alone and with semaglutide (CagriSema). In the phase 3 REDEFINE 1 trial, CagriSema produced a mean 20.4% weight loss at 68 weeks (vs 3.0% on placebo). Not FDA-approved.

CagriSema is Novo Nordisk's investigational once-weekly combination of the amylin analogue cagrilintide 2.4 mg and semaglutide 2.4 mg. It produced 20.4% mean weight loss at 68 weeks in REDEFINE 1; it is not FDA-approved.

A synthetic version of the salmon calcitonin hormone, approved as a nasal spray or injection that lowers blood calcium and reduces bone breakdown, historically used for osteoporosis, Paget's disease of bone, and hypercalcemia.

A long-acting synthetic oxytocin analog used to prevent postpartum hemorrhage after cesarean and vaginal birth. A heat-stable formulation was developed for low-resource settings. Approved across the EU, UK, Canada, and Australia; not FDA-approved in the US.

A peptide-based epoxyketone proteasome inhibitor — an approved intravenous chemotherapy for relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma that binds the proteasome irreversibly.

An endogenous dipeptide (beta-alanine-L-histidine) with potent anti-glycation, antioxidant, and pH-buffering properties, concentrated in muscle and brain tissue, studied extensively for anti-aging and neuroprotective applications.

A tripeptide bioregulator (Ala-Glu-Asp) targeting cartilage and musculoskeletal tissue, studied for joint protection, cartilage regeneration, and osteoarthritis prevention in aging.

The first echinocandin antifungal: a cyclic lipopeptide that blocks synthesis of the fungal cell wall, given intravenously for serious invasive Candida and Aspergillus infections.

A 21-amino-acid endogenous peptide derived from chromogranin A that inhibits catecholamine release via nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonism, with cardiovascular protective, antimicrobial, and metabolic regulatory properties under active investigation for hypertension and heart failure.

An FDA- and EMA-approved recombinant human nerve growth factor (rhNGF) eye drop for neurotrophic keratitis, a rare degenerative corneal disease, used to restore corneal healing and integrity.

A bovine cerebral cortex-derived neuropeptide complex used clinically in Russia and CIS countries for stroke recovery, traumatic brain injury, and cognitive decline in aging populations.

A porcine brain-derived peptide preparation containing low-molecular-weight neuropeptides and free amino acids, approved in over 40 countries for stroke recovery and traumatic brain injury.

A gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist peptide — used in IVF to prevent a premature LH surge, giving immediate, reversible suppression of ovulation triggers.

Calcitonin gene-related peptide, the most potent endogenous vasodilator known, with a central role in migraine pathophysiology and emerging significance in wound healing and cardiovascular protection.

A gut hormone released from intestinal I-cells that triggers gallbladder contraction and pancreatic enzyme secretion and acts as a powerful meal-related satiety signal — its synthetic analog sincalide is FDA-approved for gallbladder function testing.

An investigational peptide-chrysin conjugate combining the flavonoid aromatase inhibitor chrysin with a bioactive peptide carrier to enhance bioavailability and target estrogen metabolism modulation in research contexts.

A long-acting GHRH (1-29) analog with a Drug Affinity Complex that binds serum albumin, giving an estimated half-life of about 6–8 days and sustained GH and IGF-1 increases in healthy adults; research-only in the US.

The most widely used GHRH + GHRP stack — CJC-1295 extends GHRH half-life while Ipamorelin selectively amplifies GH pulses without disturbing cortisol or prolactin.

A tetrasubstituted GHRH (1-29) analog — CJC-1295 without the albumin-binding Drug Affinity Complex, often sold as Modified GRF 1-29; it has very little published human data and is research-only in the US.

A polymyxin lipopeptide antibiotic (polymyxin E) given as an inactive prodrug for last-resort treatment of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative infections, including inhaled use in some chronic lung infections.

Enzymatically hydrolyzed collagen broken into short peptides that survive digestion — marketed for skin, joint, and connective-tissue support.

A copper-binding tripeptide (Ala-His-Lys-Cu) studied for hair follicle stimulation, dermal papilla cell proliferation, and VEGF upregulation in hair growth applications.

A tetrapeptide bioregulator (Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly) studied for cerebral cortex regulation, neuroprotection after ischemia, and potential cognitive benefits in aging populations.

A synthetic form of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) used as a diagnostic to probe the top of the stress-hormone axis. The CRH stimulation test helps distinguish the causes of Cushing's syndrome and evaluate pituitary ACTH reserve. FDA-approved as Acthrel (corticorelin ovine triflutate).

A neuropeptide structurally related to somatostatin that promotes slow-wave sleep, modulates cortical activity, and exerts potent anti-inflammatory effects through both somatostatin-shared and cortistatin-specific receptor pathways.

A synthetic fragment of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH 1-24) used as a diagnostic to test adrenal gland function. The 'ACTH stimulation test' measures how well the adrenals respond by producing cortisol. FDA-approved as Cortrosyn; sold as Synacthen elsewhere.

A cyclic 11–amino-acid fungal peptide that suppresses the immune system by inhibiting calcineurin, blocking T-cell activation. A cornerstone of organ-transplant medicine and used in several autoimmune and inflammatory conditions.

A long-acting lipoglycopeptide antibiotic for acute bacterial skin and skin-structure infections, whose extraordinarily long half-life allows a full treatment course as a single infusion or two doses a week apart.

Dalcinonacog alfa (trade name Ixinity) is a recombinant coagulation factor IX concentrate indicated for the control and prevention of bleeding episodes in patients with hemophilia B (congenital factor IX deficiency). Produced using Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell technology, it provides a high-purity, plasma-free source of functional factor IX that restores the intrinsic coagulation pathway. FDA-approved in 2015, dalcinonacog alfa represents a significant advancement in recombinant clotting factor therapy, offering reliable hemostatic efficacy with a well-characterized safety profile for both on-demand treatment and routine prophylaxis in hemophilia B patients.

A cyclic lipopeptide antibiotic with a unique calcium-dependent mechanism that disrupts bacterial cell membranes, representing the first-in-class agent for treating serious Gram-positive infections including MRSA.

A stable glucagon analog supplied as a ready-to-use liquid autoinjector for rapid rescue of severe hypoglycemia — no mixing required — and studied for continuous use in congenital hyperinsulinism.

An investigational eight-amino-acid neuroprotective peptide derived from activity-dependent neuroprotective protein (ADNP) that stabilizes microtubules; studied in tauopathies and cognition with mixed clinical results, now revisited for ADNP-related disorders.

A family of small cationic antimicrobial peptides (29-35 amino acids) stored in neutrophil granules that form the first line of innate immune defense against bacteria, fungi, and enveloped viruses.

Degarelix is an FDA-approved synthetic decapeptide GnRH receptor antagonist used for the treatment of advanced prostate cancer. Marketed as Firmagon, it achieves rapid testosterone suppression to castrate levels without the testosterone flare associated with GnRH agonists, making it particularly suitable for patients with symptomatic metastatic disease or impending spinal cord compression.

A recombinant version of the leech anticoagulant hirudin — a direct thrombin inhibitor given by subcutaneous injection to prevent deep vein thrombosis after hip-replacement surgery.

Synthetic analog of the antidiuretic hormone vasopressin (ADH) — a decades-old, widely approved prescription medicine for central diabetes insipidus, bedwetting, nocturia, and certain bleeding disorders.

A peripherally-restricted kappa-opioid receptor agonist peptide — approved for the itching (pruritus) of chronic kidney disease in dialysis patients, without the central effects of classic opioids.

A hexapeptide analog of angiotensin IV that crosses the blood-brain barrier and promotes synaptogenesis via hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) signaling — studied for cognitive enhancement and neurodegenerative disease.

A nonapeptide first studied in rabbits in the 1970s for its effect on delta-wave sleep. Small 1980s-1990s human trials gave mixed results; in the US it is a research-only compound.

Dulaglutide (Trulicity) is an FDA-approved once-weekly GLP-1 receptor agonist fusion protein prescribed for type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular risk reduction. It consists of a modified GLP-1 analog covalently linked to a human IgG4 Fc fragment, enabling convenient once-weekly subcutaneous dosing.

A recombinant plasma kallikrein inhibitor peptide — an approved on-demand treatment for acute hereditary angioedema attacks that blocks bradykinin production upstream.

A once-weekly, cAMP-biased GLP-1 receptor agonist engineered to preferentially signal through the cAMP pathway. Investigated for type 2 diabetes and obesity, with both subcutaneous and oral formulations under development.

A once-weekly, exendin-based GLP-1 receptor agonist built on an antibody Fc fusion scaffold. Notable for the AMPLITUDE-O cardiovascular outcomes trial, which showed reductions in major cardiovascular and renal events in high-risk type 2 diabetes.

Enfuvirtide (trade name Fuzeon, also known as T-20) is a 36-amino-acid synthetic peptide that functions as an HIV-1 fusion inhibitor, representing the first member of a novel class of antiretroviral drugs. Approved by the FDA in 2003, enfuvirtide works by binding to the heptad repeat 1 (HR1) region of the HIV-1 gp41 transmembrane glycoprotein, blocking the conformational change necessary for viral-cell membrane fusion and thereby preventing HIV-1 entry into host CD4+ T cells. It is indicated for treatment-experienced patients with evidence of HIV-1 replication despite ongoing antiretroviral therapy, and has demonstrated significant viral load reductions when added to optimized background regimens.

A synthetic tetrapeptide (Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly) modeled on pineal extract Epithalamin — studied by Russian researchers for telomerase, circadian, and longevity endpoints.

Alternate spelling of Epitalon, the synthetic tetrapeptide Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly (AEDG). Research-only: not approved by the FDA, with telomerase data from cell culture and human outcome data mostly from the Khavinson group's studies of the related pineal extract Epithalamin.

A cyclic peptide antiplatelet drug derived from rattlesnake-venom chemistry that blocks the platelet GPIIb/IIIa receptor — used intravenously during acute coronary syndromes and coronary stenting to prevent clots.

An injectable peptide calcimimetic that lowers parathyroid hormone in dialysis patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism — dosed intravenously three times a week with dialysis.

Exenatide is the first FDA-approved GLP-1 receptor agonist, a synthetic 39-amino-acid peptide derived from exendin-4 found in the saliva of the Gila monster (Heloderma suspectum). Available as Byetta (twice-daily injection) and Bydureon (once-weekly extended-release microsphere injection), it lowers blood glucose in type 2 diabetes by enhancing glucose-dependent insulin secretion, suppressing glucagon, slowing gastric emptying, and promoting satiety.

A synthetic vasopressin analog used as a vasoconstrictor in dental local anesthetics, added to prolong anesthesia and reduce bleeding. It is an adrenaline-free alternative for patients in whom epinephrine is best avoided. Used in the EU, UK, and other regions; not marketed in the US.

A 344-amino-acid glycoprotein that antagonizes myostatin and activin A — the primary endogenous brake on skeletal muscle growth — studied for muscle wasting and gene therapy applications.

A D-retro-inverso peptide that disrupts FOXO4-p53 interactions in senescent cells, triggering selective apoptosis. The first peptide-based senolytic — published in Cell (2017) with striking mouse healthspan data.

A widely expressed neuropeptide of the brain and gut involved in feeding (especially fat intake), pain, mood, seizures, and neuroprotection — an active research target with no marketed galanin drug.

A radiolabeled somatostatin-analog peptide used as a PET imaging agent to locate neuroendocrine tumors — the diagnostic partner that identifies which tumors express the receptors targeted by somatostatin-analog and PRRT therapies.

A stomach hormone secreted by G-cells that is the master stimulant of gastric acid secretion — its overproduction by a tumor causes Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, with severe peptic ulcers and diarrhea.

A naturally occurring copper-binding tripeptide (Gly-His-Lys) with decades of cosmetic dermatology research in wound healing and skin remodeling.

The base copper-binding tripeptide (Gly-His-Lys) found in human plasma and tissues — a precursor to GHK-Cu with intrinsic bioactivity in wound healing, gene modulation, and anti-inflammatory signaling.

The body's own 28-amino-acid 'hunger hormone' released mainly by the stomach — the only well-established circulating peptide that stimulates appetite, and the natural ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR-1a).

A synthetic growth-hormone-releasing hexapeptide and ghrelin-receptor agonist that produces strong GH release in humans but also raises prolactin, ACTH and cortisol; research-only in the US.

The original synthetic growth-hormone-releasing hexapeptide (His-DTrp-Ala-Trp-DPhe-Lys-NH2): a potent GH secretagogue in humans that also raises prolactin and cortisol and stimulates eating in animal studies; research-only in the US.

A 42-amino-acid incretin hormone secreted by K-cells in the duodenum and jejunum that potentiates glucose-dependent insulin secretion and plays a central role in the mechanism of tirzepatide and retatrutide.

A random four-amino-acid peptide copolymer that immunomodulates multiple sclerosis — one of the oldest and most-established disease-modifying therapies for relapsing MS.

A long-acting GLP-2 receptor analog engineered for less-frequent dosing than teduglutide. Investigated for short bowel syndrome, it stimulates intestinal mucosal growth and absorption with a once- or twice-weekly regimen.

Insulin's counter-regulatory partner: a 29–amino-acid pancreatic hormone that raises blood glucose by mobilizing the liver's stored sugar. As a medicine it is the emergency rescue treatment for severe hypoglycemia.

The master intracellular antioxidant tripeptide (gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine) that serves as the primary cellular defense against oxidative stress, xenobiotic toxicity, and redox imbalance across virtually all human tissues.

A naturally occurring tripeptide cleaved from the N-terminus of IGF-1 in the brain, studied as a neuroprotective agent in stroke and neurodegeneration models.

A synthetic decapeptide identical to endogenous gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) — used diagnostically to assess pituitary gonadotroph reserve and therapeutically to stimulate LH/FSH release.

A synthetic analog of endogenous GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone) used clinically to evaluate pituitary gonadotropin reserve and investigated for fertility and hormonal optimization protocols.

An FDA-approved GnRH agonist decapeptide delivered as a subcutaneous depot implant for prostate cancer, hormone-receptor-positive breast cancer, endometriosis, and uterine fibroids. Works by paradoxical suppression of the pituitary-gonadal axis.

One of the first antibiotics ever used clinically — a channel-forming peptide that punches ion-permeable pores in bacterial membranes. Used topically today, and a classic model system in membrane biophysics.

A potent synthetic GH-releasing hexapeptide that also binds the cardiac receptor CD36; it showed GH-independent cardioprotection in rat ischemia models and acute effects on heart function in small human studies.

A modified fragment of human growth hormone (amino acids 176-191) that retains GH's lipolytic activity without its growth-promoting or diabetogenic effects. The most targeted fat-loss peptide in research use.

An FDA-approved GnRH agonist nonapeptide delivered as a once-yearly subcutaneous implant. Used for central precocious puberty (Supprelin LA) and advanced prostate cancer (Vantas), it provides a full year of continuous hormone suppression from a single implant.

A 24-amino-acid mitochondrial-derived peptide (MDP) with cytoprotective, anti-apoptotic, and neuroprotective activity. Encoded within the mitochondrial genome, humanin represents a new class of retrograde signaling molecules.

An oral, non-peptide growth hormone secretagogue that mimics ghrelin at the GHSR-1a receptor — produces sustained GH and IGF-1 elevation without injections. Extensively studied in human trials.

A selective bradykinin B2 receptor antagonist peptide — an approved self-injectable treatment for acute attacks of hereditary angioedema.

A long-acting analog of insulin-like growth factor 1 with substitutions that reduce IGF-binding-protein affinity, extending half-life and increasing free IGF-1 activity.

A rapid-acting analog insulin: replacing one B-chain amino acid with aspartic acid reduces self-clumping for fast mealtime action. An ultra-rapid version (Fiasp) is absorbed even more quickly.

An ultra-long-acting basal insulin: a fatty-acid tail makes it form long chains of multihexamers under the skin that release insulin very slowly, giving an exceptionally flat profile lasting well beyond 24 hours with flexible dosing timing.

A long-acting basal analog insulin engineered to precipitate under the skin and release slowly, giving roughly 24-hour, relatively flat background glucose coverage from a once-daily injection.

The archetypal peptide-hormone medicine: a 51–amino-acid two-chain hormone that lowers blood glucose. Recombinant "human" insulin comes as short-acting Regular and intermediate-acting NPH, the backbone of insulin therapy for a century.

A once-weekly basal insulin: strong, reversible binding to albumin plus a slowed receptor turnover give it a roughly seven-day half-life, so a single injection provides background insulin coverage for a whole week.

A rapid-acting analog insulin: swapping two B-chain amino acids stops the molecules from clumping, so it is absorbed and acts faster than human Regular insulin — designed to be taken right at mealtimes.

The most selective GHRP (growth-hormone-releasing peptide) — amplifies GH pulses via ghrelin/GHSR receptor without meaningful cortisol, prolactin, or aldosterone crosstalk.

An exercise-induced myokine cleaved from fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 (FNDC5) that mediates metabolic benefits of physical activity including white-to-brown fat conversion and improved glucose homeostasis.

A copper-binding tripeptide (Lys-His-Lys) that chelates Cu2+ ions to promote collagen synthesis, wound healing, and hair follicle stimulation as an alternative to GHK-Cu.

A 10-amino-acid fragment of the kisspeptin neuropeptide, the minimal sequence with full bioactivity at the kisspeptin receptor. It stimulates the hypothalamic GnRH system and has been studied in small human physiology studies of reproductive hormone release. Research-only.

The full-length 54-amino-acid product of the KISS1 gene — the master upstream regulator of the hypothalamic GnRH pulse generator, central to puberty onset, reproductive cyclicity, and fertility.

A C-terminal tripeptide fragment of alpha-MSH with anti-inflammatory activity in cell and mouse colitis models, studied for NF-κB inhibition without alpha-MSH's pigmentary effects.

A cationic antimicrobial peptide derived from the N-terminal region of lactoferrin by pepsin digestion, possessing broad-spectrum antimicrobial, antifungal, antiviral, and immunomodulatory properties.

Lanreotide is an FDA-approved synthetic cyclic octapeptide somatostatin analog marketed as Somatuline Depot (US) and Somatuline Autogel (EU/UK). It binds primarily to SSTR2 and SSTR5, and is approved for acromegaly (2007) and gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEP-NETs, 2014), with the landmark CLARINET trial establishing its antiproliferative effect in NETs.

A synthetic octapeptide tight junction regulator studied in Phase III clinical trials for celiac disease — acts locally in the gut to prevent paracellular permeability increase (leaky gut).

An FDA-approved GnRH agonist nonapeptide prescribed for prostate cancer, endometriosis, uterine fibroids, and central precocious puberty. One of the most widely used hormone-modulating peptides with extensive clinical data spanning decades.

Linaclotide is an FDA-approved 14-amino-acid peptide and guanylate cyclase-C (GC-C) agonist prescribed for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome with constipation (IBS-C) and chronic idiopathic constipation (CIC). Marketed as Linzess in the US and Constella in Europe, it acts locally in the intestinal lumen to stimulate fluid secretion and reduce visceral pain.

The first GLP-1 receptor agonist approved for chronic weight management (Saxenda, 2014) — an acylated human GLP-1 analog with ~13-hour half-life dosed once daily.

A tetrapeptide bioregulator (Lys-Glu-Asp-Ala) targeting liver tissue, studied for hepatoprotection, chromatin decondensation, and restoration of liver function in aging models.

Lixisenatide is an FDA-approved 44-amino-acid GLP-1 receptor agonist derived from exendin-4, prescribed for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Marketed as Adlyxin in the US and Lyxumia in Europe, it is also available in a fixed-ratio combination with insulin glargine (Soliqua 100/33) for comprehensive glycemic control.

The only human cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide (37 amino acids), with antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral activity plus immunomodulatory, anti-biofilm and wound-healing effects in laboratory studies.

A 43-amino-acid soy-derived peptide with epigenetic anti-cancer properties that inhibits histone acetyltransferase activity and modulates innate immunity through RGD integrin binding.

A radiolabeled somatostatin-analog peptide that delivers targeted radiation directly to neuroendocrine tumors — the first approved peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) for certain gastroenteropancreatic NETs.

An FDA-approved oral ghrelin receptor agonist used as a diagnostic test for adult growth hormone deficiency — the first and only oral GH stimulation test approved in the United States.

An investigational antibody-peptide conjugate from Amgen that pairs GLP-1 receptor agonism with GIP receptor antagonism, engineered for infrequent (roughly monthly) dosing in obesity and type 2 diabetes.

Fish-derived hydrolyzed collagen — smaller molecular weight than bovine, often claimed to have superior bioavailability though head-to-head evidence is limited.

A well-studied topical peptide combination marketed for wrinkle reduction — the palmitoyl lipid tail enables penetration past the stratum corneum.

A once-weekly injectable dual agonist of the GLP-1 and glucagon receptors. China's NMPA approved mazdutide in 2025 for chronic weight management and for type 2 diabetes; it is not FDA-approved and remains investigational in the US.

Recombinant human insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) — an approved medicine for severe primary IGF-1 deficiency, replacing the growth factor that growth hormone normally triggers.

An FDA/EMA-approved melanocortin-1 receptor agonist (α-MSH analog) for erythropoietic protoporphyria. Produces photoprotective melanin without UV exposure.

A synthetic cyclic analog of α-MSH that acts non-selectively on melanocortin receptors, causing skin tanning and penile erections. The parent molecule of PT-141; unapproved and research-only in the US.

Mechano growth factor (MGF) names an IGF-1 splice variant that muscle expresses after mechanical loading or damage, and a synthetic 24-amino-acid peptide copied from its unique C-terminal E domain. Cell studies disagree on whether the peptide does anything; there are no human trials, and it is an unapproved research chemical prohibited in sport.

An echinocandin antifungal given intravenously for invasive and esophageal candidiasis and for antifungal prophylaxis in stem-cell transplant patients; blocks fungal cell-wall glucan synthesis.

A 22-amino-acid hormone released from the upper small intestine that drives phase III of the migrating motor complex — the powerful "housekeeper" contractions that sweep the fasting gut clean between meals.

A 16-amino-acid peptide encoded in the mitochondrial 12S rRNA — investigated as a metabolic regulator of AMPK signaling and insulin sensitivity.

An N-acetylated, amidated analog of Selank with improved metabolic stability and enhanced CNS bioavailability — studied for anxiolytic and nootropic effects.

An FDA-approved GnRH agonist decapeptide given as a nasal spray for endometriosis and central precocious puberty. Its intranasal delivery makes it a needle-free option among GnRH agonists.

An off-label, ultra-low-dose application of the opioid antagonist naltrexone that paradoxically upregulates endogenous endorphin and enkephalin production, widely explored for autoimmune modulation and chronic inflammation.

An 82-amino-acid anorexigenic peptide derived from nucleobindin-2 (NUCB2) that suppresses appetite through hypothalamic signaling and crosses the blood-brain barrier, studied for potential anti-obesity applications.

Nesiritide (Natrecor) is a recombinant form of human B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), a 32-amino-acid peptide identical to the endogenous hormone produced by ventricular cardiomyocytes in response to volume overload. FDA-approved in 2001 for the treatment of acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF), it promotes vasodilation, natriuresis, and diuresis through activation of the natriuretic peptide receptor A (NPR-A) and intracellular cGMP signaling.

One of the most abundant neuropeptides in the brain and a powerful appetite stimulant. Produced by hypothalamic NPY/AgRP neurons, it drives hunger through Y1 and Y5 receptors and also influences stress, anxiety, and cardiovascular tone.

A synthetic MC1R antagonist peptide used in cosmetic skin-lightening formulations to inhibit melanin synthesis and transfer from melanocytes to keratinocytes, reducing hyperpigmentation.

A 23-amino-acid peptide encoded by the same preproghrelin gene as ghrelin, originally proposed as an appetite-suppressing counterpart to ghrelin — but its physiological role remains contested and unconfirmed.

Octreotide is an FDA-approved synthetic cyclic octapeptide analog of somatostatin used to treat acromegaly, carcinoid syndrome, and vasoactive intestinal peptide-secreting tumors (VIPomas). Marketed as Sandostatin (immediate-release) and Sandostatin LAR (long-acting depot), it inhibits growth hormone, glucagon, and insulin secretion by binding to somatostatin receptor subtypes 2 and 5.

Orforglipron (Foundayo) is a once-daily oral, non-peptide GLP-1 receptor agonist from Eli Lilly. The FDA approved it on April 1, 2026 for chronic weight management, and the UK MHRA authorised it in August 2026 for weight management and type 2 diabetes.

A single-dose lipoglycopeptide antibiotic for acute bacterial skin infections, with multiple mechanisms against Gram-positive bacteria and a half-life long enough to treat a full course in one infusion.

A 37-amino-acid proglucagon-derived gut hormone from intestinal L-cells that activates both the GLP-1 and glucagon receptors — reducing appetite while increasing energy expenditure. The natural template for today's dual and triple co-agonist drugs.

A nine-amino-acid neuropeptide produced in the hypothalamus. The 'bonding hormone' has well-established roles in labor, lactation, and social cognition, with emerging research in autism, PTSD, and metabolic regulation.

A small peptide fragment derived from ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) that promotes neurogenesis and enhances cognitive function in animal models by crossing the blood-brain barrier.

A lipidated derivative of the copper-binding tripeptide GHK, designed for enhanced skin penetration in topical anti-aging formulations.

An anti-inflammatory lipopeptide that suppresses IL-6 and TNF-α release in skin — used in cosmetic formulations targeting redness, irritation, and sensitivity in rosacea-prone and reactive skin types.

The pentapeptide form of Matrixyl (palmitoyl pentapeptide-4) — Pal-Lys-Thr-Thr-Lys-Ser — a type I collagen fragment mimetic that is one of the most clinically validated topical peptides for wrinkle reduction and skin firmness.

A lipopeptide consisting of palmitic acid conjugated to a dipeptide sequence (Lys-Val) that stimulates collagen synthesis and extracellular matrix remodeling for anti-aging skin applications.

A lipopeptide modeled on the elastin repeat sequence VGVAPG — stimulates elastin production in dermal fibroblasts via the 67-kDa elastin-binding protein receptor, targeting skin elasticity loss rather than collagen depletion.

The original Matrixyl peptide — a lipopeptide that mimics the collagen I pro-peptide fragment to stimulate fibroblast production of collagens I, III, IV, fibronectin, and hyaluronic acid. One of the most studied anti-wrinkle cosmetic peptides.

A lipopeptide that suppresses IL-6 and glycation-driven inflammation in skin, often combined with Palmitoyl Oligopeptide in anti-aging formulations (Matrixyl 3000).

A lipopeptide signal peptide (INCI: Palmitoyl Tripeptide-1) used in Matrixyl and advanced skincare formulations to stimulate collagen I, III, and fibronectin synthesis via TGF-β activation.

A lipopeptide TGF-β mimetic that stimulates collagen I and III synthesis in dermal fibroblasts — used in anti-wrinkle formulations as a signaling peptide rather than a neuromuscular inhibitor.

A short synthetic peptide bioregulator (tetrapeptide) developed within the Khavinson bioregulator framework and proposed to support pancreatic tissue function. Evidence is limited and derived largely from Russian preclinical and small clinical studies.

A 36-amino-acid hormone from the pancreas released after meals. Acting mainly through the Y4 receptor, it reduces appetite and slows gastric emptying, is notably low in Prader-Willi syndrome, and is of interest for anti-obesity therapy.

Pasireotide is an FDA-approved cyclohexapeptide somatostatin analog with uniquely broad receptor binding across SSTR1, 2, 3, and 5. Marketed as Signifor (subcutaneous) and Signifor LAR (long-acting depot), it is approved for Cushing's disease (2012) and acromegaly (2014), distinguished from older somatostatin analogs by its highest affinity for the SSTR5 subtype critical in corticotroph adenomas.

PE-22-28 is a seven-amino-acid fragment of spadin that blocks the TREK-1 potassium channel. In mouse studies from one research group it had antidepressant-like effects within days; it has never been tested in humans and is an unapproved research chemical.

PEGylated Mechano Growth Factor — a splice variant of IGF-1 modified with polyethylene glycol for extended half-life. Studied for its role in muscle satellite cell activation and tissue repair.

A pegylated cyclic peptide that inhibits complement protein C3 — approved for paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) and, as an eye injection, for geographic atrophy in age-related macular degeneration.

A polyethylene glycol-conjugated variant of BPC-157 engineered for extended half-life and reduced injection frequency while retaining the parent peptide's tissue-healing properties.

Oral semaglutide co-formulated with SNAC (sodium N-[8-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)amino] caprylate) absorption enhancer — the first peptide-based GLP-1 receptor agonist available as a daily oral tablet (Rybelsus), FDA-approved for type 2 diabetes.

A polyethylene glycol-conjugated form of thymosin alpha-1 designed to extend circulating half-life from hours to days, reducing injection frequency while preserving immunomodulatory potency.

A dual GLP-1/glucagon receptor agonist developed by Altimmune for MASH and obesity, designed to leverage glucagon-driven hepatic fat reduction alongside GLP-1-mediated appetite suppression.

A synthetic pentapeptide reproducing the active C-terminus of gastrin, historically used as a diagnostic agent (Peptavlon) to provoke gastric acid secretion and to stimulate calcitonin release — now largely discontinued.

A semi-synthetic glycosaminoglycan with anticoagulant and anti-inflammatory properties, FDA-approved for interstitial cystitis and studied for osteoarthritis cartilage protection.

A 36-amino-acid gut satiety hormone released by intestinal L-cells after meals. Its active form, PYY3-36, acts on the Y2 receptor to reduce appetite, and it is a key target for next-generation anti-obesity co-agonists.

An investigational long-acting human amylin analog from Zealand Pharma, given as a once-weekly injection for obesity. In the 42-week ZUPREME 1 phase 2 trial it produced about 8–10% mean weight loss at 28 weeks, with nausea as the main side effect. Not approved anywhere.

A synthetic tripeptide (Glu-Asp-Arg, EDR) from the Khavinson bioregulator family, studied for neuroprotection mainly in cell and rodent experiments. Research-only and not FDA-approved; human data are limited to small Russian studies.

An FDA-approved 16-amino acid guanylate cyclase-C (GC-C) agonist structurally analogous to human uroguanylin, prescribed for chronic idiopathic constipation (CIC) and irritable bowel syndrome with constipation (IBS-C).

A cyclic lipopeptide antibiotic that attacks the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria — an older drug that has returned as a last-resort treatment for multidrug-resistant infections, alongside its long-standing role in topical products.

Pramlintide (Symlin) is an FDA-approved synthetic analog of amylin, the 37-amino-acid hormone co-secreted with insulin by pancreatic beta cells. Injected subcutaneously before major meals, it is approved only as an add-on to mealtime insulin in type 1 and type 2 diabetes, where it slows gastric emptying, reduces the post-meal rise in glucagon, and reduces food intake. Drugs@FDA now lists the Symlin products as discontinued.

A synthetic form of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), the smallest hypothalamic releasing peptide. Used diagnostically as the TRH stimulation test to probe pituitary TSH and prolactin release. Once marketed in the US (Thyrel TRH, now discontinued there); still used in some countries.

A melanocortin receptor agonist FDA-approved for hypoactive sexual desire disorder in premenopausal women, acting on central nervous-system pathways rather than vascular ones.

An investigational injectable ghrelin-receptor (GHSR-1a) agonist studied as a prokinetic for diabetic gastroparesis. It accelerates gastric emptying and showed positive phase 2b results, but is not approved anywhere — research-only.

An investigational triple GIP / GLP-1 / glucagon receptor agonist from Eli Lilly. In the phase 3 TRIUMPH-1 trial, adults with obesity on 12 mg weekly lost a mean 25.0% of body weight at 80 weeks (vs 3.9% on placebo). Not FDA-approved.

A next-generation echinocandin antifungal engineered for a very long half-life, allowing once-weekly intravenous dosing for candidemia and invasive candidiasis — the first new agent in its class in over a decade.

A bicyclic depsipeptide from a soil bacterium that acts as a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor — a prodrug activated inside cells — used intravenously to treat cutaneous T-cell lymphoma.

The first hormone ever discovered, now made as a synthetic human peptide (ChiRhoStim) used diagnostically to stimulate the pancreas. It helps assess pancreatic exocrine function and, with gastrin measurement, aids the diagnosis of gastrinoma (Zollinger-Ellison syndrome).

A synthetic heptapeptide analog of the endogenous peptide tuftsin, studied in Russia as an anxiolytic. Human data come from small Russian trials; in the US it is a research-only compound.

Long-acting GLP-1 receptor agonist — FDA-approved for type-2 diabetes and chronic weight management, landmark for its ~15% mean weight reduction in STEP trials.

A synthetic heptapeptide analog of ACTH(4-10) developed in Russia as a nootropic and studied there in ischemic stroke. Human data are small Russian studies; in the US it is a research-only compound.

The first synthetic GHRH analog approved for clinical use — GHRH (1-29) NH₂, the minimum active sequence. Shorter-acting than tesamorelin or CJC-1295.

An MC4R-selective melanocortin agonist FDA-approved for rare genetic obesity syndromes (POMC, PCSK1, LEPR deficiency, Bardet-Biedl syndrome).

A synthetic fragment of cholecystokinin (CCK-8) used diagnostically to make the gallbladder contract. It underpins the gallbladder ejection fraction measured during HIDA scans and is used to stimulate pancreatic secretion and speed intestinal imaging. FDA-approved as Kinevac.

A pentapeptide modeled on the SNAP-25 SNARE protein that modulates neuromuscular junction signaling — marketed as a complementary alternative to Argireline for expression-line reduction in anti-wrinkle formulations.

A heptapeptide cosmetic neuropeptide that inhibits SNARE complex formation at the neuromuscular junction to reduce facial muscle contractions and dynamic wrinkles, functioning as a topical botulinum toxin alternative.

A synthetic octapeptide that mimics the N-terminal of SNAP-25, reducing neuromuscular signaling to facial muscles. The 'topical Botox' of peptide skincare — with more modest results.

A cell-permeable tetrapeptide that targets the inner mitochondrial membrane, stabilizing cardiolipin and improving electron transport chain efficiency — in late-stage clinical trials for mitochondrial and cardiac diseases.

A dual GLP-1/glucagon receptor agonist in phase 3 development by Boehringer Ingelheim for MASH (metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis) and obesity, with strong liver-directed efficacy signals.

A polypeptide complex extracted from calf thymus, used clinically in Russia for immune restoration and studied for anti-aging effects including mortality reduction in elderly cohorts.

A cell-permeable autophagy-inducing peptide derived from a key region of the Beclin 1 protein fused to the HIV-1 Tat transduction domain, engineered to potently activate cellular self-cleaning pathways.

Synthetic peptide based on the actin-binding region of Thymosin β4, a protein studied for cell migration and tissue repair in skin, cornea, and heart models.

An FDA- and EMA-approved GLP-2 analog that promotes intestinal mucosal growth. Used to reduce parenteral nutrition dependence in short bowel syndrome, teduglutide increases villus height, crypt depth, and nutrient absorption.

A glycopeptide antibiotic closely related to vancomycin, used across Europe and many other regions for serious Gram-positive infections — with a long half-life that allows once-daily or less-frequent dosing and simpler administration.

A once-daily lipoglycopeptide antibiotic derived from vancomycin, used for complicated Gram-positive skin infections and certain hospital-acquired pneumonias caused by Staphylococcus aureus, with a dual mechanism and important safety warnings.

An FDA- and EMA-approved recombinant fragment of parathyroid hormone (PTH 1-34) used as a bone-building (anabolic) treatment for high-risk osteoporosis, given by daily subcutaneous injection to stimulate new bone formation.

Long-acting vasopressin analog and prodrug — an approved hospital medicine for hepatorenal syndrome and bleeding esophageal varices in advanced liver disease.

FDA-approved synthetic GHRH analog (Egrifta) indicated to reduce excess abdominal fat in adults with HIV-associated lipodystrophy; also studied in HIV-associated fatty liver disease and cognition in older adults.

A triple monoamine reuptake inhibitor (serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) originally developed for neurodegenerative diseases, repurposed for obesity after demonstrating significant weight loss in clinical trials.

A thymic peptide bioregulator developed by the St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology, studied in Russian clinical cohorts for immune reconstitution and longevity.

A synthetic pentapeptide (Arg-Lys-Asp-Val-Tyr) corresponding to residues 32-36 of thymopoietin, used clinically in some countries for immune modulation in immunodeficiency and autoimmune conditions.

A synthetic pentapeptide (Arg-Lys-Asp-Val-Tyr) representing the active site of the 49-amino-acid thymic hormone thymopoietin, used clinically in several countries for T-cell immunomodulation in immunodeficiency, autoimmune conditions, and as adjunct cancer therapy.

A 28-amino-acid thymic peptide (thymalfasin) approved in more than 30 countries, mainly for chronic hepatitis B, but not approved in the US, where it is research-only.

A lesser-studied member of the beta-thymosin family with documented angiogenic and tumor-associated properties, investigated as both a cancer biomarker and a potential modulator of vascular growth.

A 43-amino acid peptide and the primary intracellular G-actin sequestering protein. TB-500 is a synthetic fragment of Thymosin Beta-4's active site — this is the full-length parent molecule with broader tissue repair and anti-inflammatory evidence.

The biologically active zinc-bound form of thymulin (facteur thymique serique), a nonapeptide secreted by thymic epithelial cells that requires zinc chelation for immunomodulatory activity.

A zinc-dependent nonapeptide hormone made by thymic epithelial cells that supports T-cell differentiation. Thymulin is not an approved medicine; therapeutic data are almost entirely from animal studies.

First-in-class dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonist — SURMOUNT trials showed ~20% mean weight reduction and superior A1c control versus semaglutide.

A GnRH agonist decapeptide used clinically for prostate cancer, endometriosis, and precocious puberty. In the peptide community it is discussed for HPTA restart after anabolic steroid use.

A glycopeptide antibiotic and long-standing cornerstone of treatment for serious Gram-positive infections, including MRSA — given intravenously for bloodstream and deep infections, and orally (unabsorbed) for Clostridioides difficile colitis.

The body's own antidiuretic hormone (ADH), used clinically as an approved intravenous vasopressor in shock and cardiac arrest — the parent molecule behind desmopressin and terlipressin.

A tripeptide bioregulator (Lys-Glu-Asp) targeting vascular endothelium, studied for cardiovascular protection, endothelial function restoration, and atherosclerosis prevention in aging.

A dipeptide bioregulator (Lys-Glu) derived from thymus tissue, studied for immune system regulation, thymic regeneration, and anti-aging effects in elderly populations.

A 28-amino-acid neuropeptide with broad immunomodulatory, vasodilatory, and neuroprotective activity. Studied in CIRS (chronic inflammatory response syndrome), pulmonary hypertension, and gut motility disorders.

An investigational dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist from Viking Therapeutics, in development in both subcutaneous and oral forms for obesity, with early-phase weight-loss data that has drawn intense interest in the incretin field.

A C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) analog — the first approved medicine to increase growth velocity in children with achondroplasia by counteracting overactive FGFR3 signaling.

A synthetic cone-snail venom peptide (ω-conotoxin) delivered directly into spinal fluid — an approved non-opioid treatment for severe, refractory chronic pain.

Zilucoplan (trade name Zilbrysq) is a macrocyclic peptide inhibitor of complement component C5, approved by the FDA in October 2023 for the treatment of generalized myasthenia gravis (gMG) in adults who are anti-acetylcholine receptor (AChR) antibody-positive. As the first self-administered subcutaneous complement inhibitor for gMG, zilucoplan offers a convenient daily injection alternative to intravenous complement therapies. The peptide binds with high affinity to C5, preventing its cleavage into pro-inflammatory fragments C5a and C5b, thereby blocking the terminal complement cascade and reducing antibody-mediated destruction of the neuromuscular junction.