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Peptides Academy

Mitochondrial & Mitokine Peptides

Peptides encoded by or acting on mitochondria — MOTS-c, humanin, and related mitokines investigated for metabolic and healthspan endpoints.

Mitochondrial Peptides (4)

Frequently Asked Questions

What are mitochondria-derived peptides (MDPs)?
MDPs are small peptides encoded within the mitochondrial genome — not the nuclear genome. MOTS-c is encoded in the 12S rRNA gene; Humanin in the 16S rRNA gene. They function as retrograde signals from mitochondria to the cell and systemic organs, representing a newly discovered class of endogenous peptide hormones.
How does MOTS-c relate to exercise?
MOTS-c is upregulated by exercise — it appears to be part of the molecular mechanism by which physical activity improves metabolic health. It activates AMPK, the same master switch that exercise triggers. This raises the question: does exogenous MOTS-c provide benefit beyond what exercise itself delivers?
Is there human clinical data for mitochondrial peptides?
SS-31 (Elamipretide) has advanced through human clinical trials for mitochondrial myopathy (Barth syndrome) and heart failure, with positive functional endpoints. MOTS-c and Humanin are earlier-stage — predominantly preclinical with observational human biomarker studies. The FDA approved trofinetide (a GPE analog targeting mitochondrial pathways) for Rett syndrome.
Why do mitochondrial peptides matter for aging?
Mitochondrial dysfunction is one of the nine hallmarks of aging. As mitochondria accumulate damage and decline in function with age, cellular energy production drops, oxidative stress increases, and metabolic disease risk rises. Peptides that restore mitochondrial function (SS-31) or activate mitochondrial biogenesis (MOTS-c) directly address this hallmark.

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